Chapter-1-Forest Society and Colonialism.
Short Note:-
1.Benefits of the Forests
1.1 Paper for reading, desks and tables, doors and windows.
1.2 For dyes to color your clothes, species in your food.
1.3 Cellophane wrapper of your toffee.
1.4 Tendu leaf in bids, gum, honey, coffee, tea and rubber.
1.5 Oil in chocolates comes from Sal seeds.
1.6 Tannin used to convert skins and hides into leather.
1.7 Herbs and roots used for medicines.
1.8 Forests also provide bamboo, grass, charcoal, packaging fruits, flower, animals, birds, etc.
2. Why Deforestation
2.1 The Disappearance of forests is Deforestation
2.2 Causes of deforestation in India are:
2.2.1 Increase in Population led to demand of fuel.
2.2.2 Peasants cleared forests to do cultivation.
2.2.3 British directly encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton.
2.2.4 British Throughout the forests are unproductive, if used for agriculture enhances revenue.
2.2.5 They see the expansion of cultivation as a sign of process.
2.2.6 Need of wood in England for manufacturing ships for the Royal Navy, Forests, were cut in India.
2.2.7 Trees were felled and vast quantities of timber exported form India.
2.2.8 Spread of railways created a new demand for fuel as well as for laying down tracks sleepers were needed.
2.2.9 Large areas of natural forests cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet the Europe's growing need for these commodities.
3. Rise of Commercial Forestry-
3.1 British needed forests, so decided to invite German expert Dietrich Brandis as the first inspector General of forests in India.
3.2 He wanted to introduce a proper system.
3.3 Rules about the use of forests to be framed.
3.4 Felling of trees and grazing to be restricted.
3.5 In 1864 Indian forests Act of 1865 passed.
3.6 The imperial forests research institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906.
3.7 The system taught here was 'scientific forestry'.
3.8 In Scientific forestry one type of trees was planted in straight rows called plantation .
3.9 The area was cut and then replanted to be cut again.
3.10 Forest act was amended once in 1878 and in 1927.
3.11 1878 act divided forests into three categories- reserved, protected, and village forests.
3.12 The best were called reserved, villagers could not take anything form these forests, for home building wood could be taken either from protected or from protected or from village forests.
4. How were the Lives of People Affected
4.1 Villagers wanted forests for fuel, folder and leaves.
4.2 Forests department on the other hand wanted suitable wood for building ships or railways.
4.3 Particular species like teak and sal promoted.
4.4 People use forest products like roots, leaves, fruits and tubber.
4.5 Herbs used for medicines, wood for agricultural implements, bamboo made fences and also used for baskets and umbrellas.
4.6 Leaves can be stitched to make disposable plates, creeper can be used to make ropes.
4.7 Forest act means severe hardships for villagers.
4.8 After the act, cutting wood for houses, grazing their cattle, collecting food, hunting-all became illegal.
4.9 People were now forced to steal or forest guards take brides for them.
4.10 They all harass people by demanding free food for giving favours to them.
3. Rise of Commercial Forestry-
3.1 British needed forests, so decided to invite German expert Dietrich Brandis as the first inspector General of forests in India.
3.2 He wanted to introduce a proper system.
3.3 Rules about the use of forests to be framed.
3.4 Felling of trees and grazing to be restricted.
3.5 In 1864 Indian forests Act of 1865 passed.
3.6 The imperial forests research institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906.
3.7 The system taught here was 'scientific forestry'.
3.8 In Scientific forestry one type of trees was planted in straight rows called plantation .
3.9 The area was cut and then replanted to be cut again.
3.10 Forest act was amended once in 1878 and in 1927.
3.11 1878 act divided forests into three categories- reserved, protected, and village forests.
3.12 The best were called reserved, villagers could not take anything form these forests, for home building wood could be taken either from protected or from protected or from village forests.
4. How were the Lives of People Affected
4.1 Villagers wanted forests for fuel, folder and leaves.
4.2 Forests department on the other hand wanted suitable wood for building ships or railways.
4.3 Particular species like teak and sal promoted.
4.4 People use forest products like roots, leaves, fruits and tubber.
4.5 Herbs used for medicines, wood for agricultural implements, bamboo made fences and also used for baskets and umbrellas.
4.6 Leaves can be stitched to make disposable plates, creeper can be used to make ropes.
4.7 Forest act means severe hardships for villagers.
4.8 After the act, cutting wood for houses, grazing their cattle, collecting food, hunting-all became illegal.
4.9 People were now forced to steal or forest guards take brides for them.
4.10 They all harass people by demanding free food for giving favours to them.
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